Kev luam ntawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub pawg: (a) letterpress printing; (b) gravure luam ntawv; (c) lithography; thiab (d) stencil luam ntawv.
Letterpress printing yog ib txoj kev luam ntawv qub tshaj plaws. Nws siv lub phaj nyem nrog rau saum npoo. Thaum lub sij hawm luam ntawv, tus number case yog siv rau saum npoo ntawm hom, uas yog ces nias rau ntawm daim ntawv. Tus number case rau ntawm hom nto yog pauv mus rau daim ntawv saum npoo, tsim ib qho imprint. Typesetting, Lenor typesetting, letterpress printing, electroplating, thiab photogravure tag nrho yog rau letterpress printing.
Gravure printing yog ib txoj kev luam ntawv uas siv phau ntawv los yog cov tshuab engraving rau carve cov kab, tsim ib tug recessed cim los yog duab nyob rau hauv lub printing phaj. Thaum lub sij hawm luam ntawv, cov kab los yog grooves yog thawj zaug sau nrog number case, thiab tom qab ntawd cov ntawv npaj tau nias rau ntawm lawv. Daim ntawv absorbs tus cwj mem, tsim ib qho imprint. Etching, engraving, thiab photogravure tag nrho yog rau gravure printing. Lithography yog qee zaum hu ua tshuaj luam ntawv, txhais tau tias cov duab luam tawm thiab cov phaj luam ntawv yog nyob rau tib lub dav hlau. Nws yog raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "roj thiab dej tsis sib tov" hauv kev luam ntawv. Hom kev luam ntawv no suav nrog kev siv tshuab lossis manually projecting ib daim duab rau hauv pob zeb lossis hlau, tom qab ntawd tshuaj kho qhov chaw kom cov duab kos duab kos duab - txais tau thaum qhov chaw tsis muaj. Thaum lub sij hawm luam ntawv, tsuas yog tus number case -receptive image area are transfered to the paper, forming an imprint. Photolithography, photogravure, thiab offset luam ntawv tag nrho yog cov ntawv luam tawm.
Stencil luam ntawv suav nrog stencil luam ntawv, tuag- txiav, inkjet luam ntawv, thiab tshuaj ntsuam luam ntawv. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm stencil luam ntawv yog tias thaum lub sij hawm luam ntawv, lub siab yog siv los hloov tus number case los ntawm perforations ntawm stencil mus rau lub substrate (daim ntawv, ceramics, thiab lwm yam), tsim ib tug duab los yog ntawv nyeem. Stencil luam ntawv yog daim ntawv yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm stencil luam ntawv, pib thaum xyoo pua 19th. Qhov kev luam ntawv no suav nrog kev tsim cov stencil ntawm cov ntawv tshwj xeeb uas siv lub tshuab ntaus ntawv lossis lub stylus, tom qab ntawd luam tawm nrog tus cwj mem rau ntawm tus stencil, ua tiav qhov kev xav tau luam tawm ntawm lub substrate. Ntawm cov txheej txheem luam ntawv stencil, kev tshuaj ntsuam luam ntawv yog qhov siv dav tshaj plaws.
Niaj hnub nimno tshuaj ntsuam luam ntawv txawv technically los ntawm lwm yam peb hom luam ntawv thiab kuj yog ntau yam ntawm plaub. Nws tuaj yeem luam tawm ntawm daim ntawv, duab los qhia, ntoo, yas, textiles, ceramics, hlau, pluab, thiab cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw ua ke tom qab. Nws tuaj yeem siv los luam tawm tsis yog cov khoom tiaj tus nkaus xwb tab sis kuj yog puag ncig, convex, concave, thiab irregularly zoo li cov khoom. Yog li ntawd, kev tshuaj ntsuam luam ntawv yog ib yam khoom uas yuav tsum tau zam. Txawm li cas los xij, vim tias nws cov ntsiab lus qhia tau suav tias yog kev lag luam zais cia, nws txoj kev txhim kho tau nyob ntsiag to. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem muaj kev vam meej thiab txhim kho, thiab nws lub neej yav tom ntej yog ci ntsa iab.
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm niaj hnub tshuaj ntsuam luam ntawv pib hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Pib nrog cov pioneers Harry Leroy Hiett thiab Edward A. Owens, kev tshuaj ntsuam luam ntawv pib thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th (1901-1906). Thawj qhov kev sim ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam luam ntawv tau tsim los ntawm Francis Willette ntawm Detroit, Michigan, Tebchaws Asmeskas, uas tau tshuaj ntsuam luam ntawv woolen pennants.
Kev tshuaj ntsuam luam ntawv suav nrog kev txuas cov stencil nrog cov duab lossis qauv rau ib qho screen rau luam ntawv. Cov ntxaij vab tshaus feem ntau yog ua los ntawm nylon, polyester, silk, lossis hlau mesh. Thaum lub substrate muab tso ncaj qha rau hauv lub vijtsam nrog cov stencil, cov ntawv luam ntawv lossis cov xim raug yuam los ntawm lub mesh qhib los ntawm ib tug squeegee (phau ntawv los yog tsis siv neeg squeegees) thiab luam tawm mus rau lub substrate. Lub stencil ntawm qhov screen kaw qee qhov mesh qhib, tiv thaiv tus number case los ntawm; tsuas yog cov duab thaj chaw tuaj yeem dhau mus, ua rau cov duab tsuas yog nyob rau ntawm substrate. Hauv lwm lo lus, kev tshuaj ntsuam luam ntawv siv tus lej nkag los ntawm lub phaj luam ntawv rau kev luam ntawv. Qhov no yog vim li cas nws thiaj li hu ua kev tshuaj ntsuam luam ntawv thiab tsis txhob lo lo ntxhuav luam ntawv lossis silk npuag luam ntawv, tsis yog tsuas yog txhob lo lo ntxhuav tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuam, tab sis kuj yog nylon, polyester fiber, paj rwb ntaub, paj rwb ntaub, stainless hlau, tooj liab, tooj dag, thiab tooj dag.
